Wooster Geologists in Denver! (Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America)

DENVER, COLORADO — The above image is the view from my hotel room looking west on an exquisitely beautiful day. You can’t beat this setting for a geological conference! All four Wooster Geology faculty and a record number of 11 Wooster students are here in Denver attending the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America. We hope to post blog entries about this conference and our participation like we did last year. Wooster has a strong presence at GSA despite our small size. You can get a sense of it by searching for “Wooster” in the technical program.

When I registered for the meeting this afternoon at the GSA counter, it was our own Stephanie Jarvis (’11) in charge as a volunteer. As I was leaving the Convention Center I then ran into a happy group of other Wooster seniors: Andrew Retzler, Jesse Davenport, Elizabeth Deering, and Micah Risacher (all of whom you can find in this summer’s blog posts). This is going to be a fun and useful meeting!

The Convention Center in Denver where all the geological magic will happen. If you look closely on the far right you might make out a big blue bear pawing at the windows.

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And some useful donations are very small

WOOSTER, OHIO — The Wooster Geology Department is in the process of receiving a very large gift of geological specimens described in the last post. It is also worth noting that some small gifts can be very interesting as well. Last week a local family gave us a handful of fossils; one of them was this fascinating specimen:

Platyceratid snail (Palaeocapulus acutirostre) on a crinoid calyx (Logan Formation; Mississippian of Wooster, Ohio).

Platyceratid gastropods are a Paleozoic group most famous for parasitizing crinoids. They drilled small holes through the crinoid thecal plates and apparently slurped out the gut contents of the unfortunate echinoderms. We usually find platyceratids only as isolated shells (as below), so to be given a specimen of a crinoid calyx with a platyceratid still in place is a treat. Wooster students are fortunate to see it, and once again a donor makes a lasting contribution — even in a single fossil.

Platyceras pulcherrimum from the Logan Formation (Mississippian) of Wooster, Ohio.

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Gifts for generations of geology students

WOOSTER, OHIO — The Geology Department at Wooster has received many donations of rocks, minerals and fossils over the years. Collectors are always passionate about their specimens, so when they decide to donate their treasures they want them to go where they will be most useful. What better place than a college? We put collections to work right away in our teaching labs and display cases. Because rocks are so durable, these are gifts which serve for decades.

About a third of the rock, mineral and fossil collection recently donated to the Geology Department at Wooster. Here they are in their original home.

Today Meagen Pollock and I visited the Ohio family of a geology alumna and began the process of transferring their donated specimens to Wooster: gorgeous crystals, an amazing diversity of fossil shells, and spectacular dinosaur bones. There are so many boxes that we will have to make a second trip in a cargo van to transport the rest. It is the largest donation we have ever been given.

An exceptionally complete collection of fluorescent and phosphorescent minerals is part of the donation.

Our teaching will be improved by access to these new specimens, and they will stimulate the imaginations of generations of students. We hope to post later on how this collection is being used in our labs and hallways.

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Wooster Geologist in Virginia

Statue of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson overlooking the fields from Henry Hill where the first Battle of Bull Run was decided in 1861.

MANASSAS, VIRGINIA–We’ve had several posts in this blog on the geology of battlefields (Leningrad, the Meuse-Argonne, Vicksburg, Bear River, Brice’s Crossroads). These places are almost always beautiful: peaceful green fields, quiet forests and grass-covered hills which belie the tragedies they hosted. In each there is some aspect of the underlying geology which shaped the landscape and provided obstacles or advantages for the combatants. Often the geological features are dramatic (like the chalk cliffs and ridges of northern France), but sometimes they are subtle. The two Civil War battlefields at Manassas (The First and Second Battles of Bull Run) are examples of the latter.

The Henry House on the Bull Run battlefield in Manassas, Virginia.

On this beautiful October day my wife Gloria and I explored Henry Hill in Manassas, where the First Battle of Bull Run had its most critical moments. The landscape there is subdued with low hills and shallow valleys. The smallest rises and hollows made all the difference as the Confederate and Union soldiers fired at each other for hours.

The Bull Run battlefields are in the Culpepper Basin, a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic half-graben formed during the rifting of North America from Africa and Europe. The basin filled with thousands of meters of sediment, most of it terrestrial in origin (from lakes, rivers, streams, alluvial fans). The unit forming the foundation of Henry Hill is the Groveton Member of the Bull Run Formation (Upper Triassic). Turns out the Groveton is mostly siltstones and shales with a few resistant coarse sandstones. It is these sandstones that are slightly more resistant than the other lithologies, so they made the small protrusions that either gave artillery regiments firing platforms or sheltered infantry sprawled on the ground behind them. The sand was deposited by meandering rivers across the Triassic landscape. These seemingly random ancient river bends ended up making the difference between life and death on an American battlefield.

Resistant sandstone in the Groveton Member of the Bull Run Formation (Upper Triassic) exposed on Henry Hill.

Closer view of an exposed sandstone in the Groveton Member on Henry Hill.

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Wooster celebrates National Fossil Day

Crinoid holdfasts and bryozoans on a cobble from the Ordovician of northern Kentucky.

WOOSTER, OHIO–Today we are celebrating the first annual National Fossil Day (or at least I am!). Be sure to check out that link from the National Park Service — it contains the official National Fossil Day song! My recognition of this special day is to post some photographs of nice fossil specimens from the Wooster collections. You can find larger versions of these photos — and hundreds more — on my Wikimedia page. Here’s to fossils: beautiful messengers from the distant past.

Shark teeth (Scapanorhynchus) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Israel. These were collected by Andrew Retzler ('11).

Rudist bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains.

Tentaculitids from the Devonian of Maryland.

Thecideide brachiopods, cyclostome bryozoans and serpulids encrusting a bivalve shell from Zalas Quarry (Jurassic: Callovian-Oxfordian) in southern Poland.

Fossil leaf (Viburnum lesquereuxii) with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas.

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The value of amateur paleontology

Brian Bade in the midst of his fossil collection and paleontological library.

SULLIVAN, OHIO–Last month I gave a talk to the North Coast Fossil Club about an obscure fossil group, the hederelloids. My purpose, besides simply enjoying the good company of fossil enthusiasts, was to show the audience a type of small and encrusting fossil they have all collected but probably didn’t notice because these creatures do not (at least to the naked eye) look very interesting. Sure enough, many in the club remembered seeing these fossils, and some had learned a considerable amount about them. Members began to send me specimens in the mail for further study.

One gentleman, though, told me he had hundreds of hederelloid fossils on Devonian brachiopods and corals collected in Ohio, Michigan and Ontario — and that I was welcome to use whatever specimens I needed to advance the science. Today I visited Brian Bade in nearby Sullivan, Ohio. His collection of these fossils and many more astounded me. He has thousands of specimens, matched with an extensive paleontological library. The fossils are very well curated (that is, we can easily tell the collecting localities and stratigraphic horizons) and expertly prepared. Brian is generous with his treasures and wants nothing more than to see them used in scientific studies. I borrowed several dozen encrusted brachiopods and corals to get started on a hederelloid taxonomy project.

Brian Bade with one of many, many drawers of specimens.

Brian is an excellent example of why amateur fossil paleontologists are essential to the progress of professional paleontology. He has a very keen eye for finding fossils and keeping them in their proper geological context (“provenance”). He instinctively can tell which specimens may be most interesting to science, and he shares with the professionals an appreciation for their beauty and rarity. Brian knows how to work with landowners and quarry managers to make sure access to fossil sites is maintained, which is a skill sometimes lacking in casual collectors. Amateur paleontologists often have far more time for fieldwork than the professionals, and usually have more experience in sorting out particular kinds of fossils in their specialties. Many paleontological studies rely upon the skills of amateurs to provide the raw data. Indeed, “amateur paleontologist” is not quite the right title considering the knowledge base and experience these men and women have accumulated. I prefer to call them simply “paleontologists”.

Devonian brachiopods in one of Brian's drawers. This year's paleontology class can now identify them from here!

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“A Creative Adventure”: Wooster Geologist Featured in a Higher Education Article

WOOSTER, OHIO–“When College of Wooster Assistant Professor Meagen Pollock stands in front of one of her geology courses, she’s thinking beyond what her students need to accomplish during that class period, or even during that semester. Pollock is constantly thinking about how she can ensure that her students—all her students—develop good research skills.” This is the beginning of an article in the October 2010 AAC&U News, a widely-read publication of the Association of American Colleges & Universities. The topic is Wooster’s signature Independent Study program. Katie Holt of the Wooster’s Department of History is also featured. We are very proud of our colleagues … and just love the fact that one of our geology students in the field is pictured as an example!

Ali Drushal Sloan ('09) doing Independent Study fieldwork in northern Iceland.

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Visiting a subduction zone in New Zealand

CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND–Wooster geology student Andrew Collins has once again visited a fascinating geological locality in New Zealand. He is certainly getting his semester’s worth of adventures, from earthquakes to glaciers. Please visit his blog and see additional photos and descriptions of his trips.

Kaikoura Canyon and associated peninsula and mountains. From: http://www.janesoceania.com/newzealand_kaikoura/index.htm

This time Andrew came about as close to the trench of a subduction zone as is possible without getting wet. He journeyed to Kaikoura on the South Island north of his university base at Christchurch. This town is at the base of a peninsula and squeezed between mountains and the coast. Just a few hundred meters offshore is a deep trough (Kaikoura Canyon) marking a trench where part of the Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath New Zealand, producing volcanoes. The trough also forms an oceanic upwelling system that nourishes phytoplankton which in turn are the primary producers for a diverse and abundant community of organisms culminating with seals and whales. Geologists love to visit active places like this — but we don’t buy real estate there!

Andrew noted the uplifted limestones along the peninsula. These are Late Cretaceous in age, adding to the Cretaceous theme in this year’s blog entries. (Click “Cretaceous” in the tag cloud to the right and see.)

Upifted Upper Cretaceous limestones along the Kaikoura coast, New Zealand. Photo by Andrew Collins.

Tectonic fabric exposed in Upper Cretaceous limestones along the Kaikoura coast, New Zealand. Photo by Andrew Collins.

The Southern Alps, surf and a gravelly beach near Kaikoura, New Zealand. Note the low beach ridges formed by storm waves. Photo by Andrew Collins.

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Sunday Morning in the Killbuck Valley

View from the floor of the Killbuck Spillway - corn ready to harvest

Sampling soils from a soybean field - the question at hand is: Is this a no-till field or has it been conventionally tilled over the years?

The core on the right shows horizons with dark organics at the top (down) and lighter more compact loam from a lower horizon. Although practicing no-till now, in-class grain size determinations and inspection along with Google Earth images suggest that this field has been tilled recently. It is likely that the core refusal (as deep as the investigators were able to core) was due to a plow pan or smeared clay horizon from decades of plowing.

The discussion and investigation was intense at the North Wellfield where cornfield soils were examined.

High speed pumps extracting thousands of gallons per minute from the Killbuck Aquifer - here in the North Wellfield pumps were working away on this dry, warm September in Northeast Ohio

In the background of the pump array is the Killbuck River Levee system that protects erosion of agricultural lands and the North Wellfield.

Looking west toward the valley margin. The terrace is Pleistocene in age and composed of gravels. Many industries locate on the gravel terrace - over the years many of the aquifer contamination challenges has occurred because of contaminant disposal into these permeable gravels that made their way into the Killbuck Aquifer.

We greatly appreciate Mark's (The College of Wooster bus driver) driving and his flexibility in logistics. With the recent Tornado in Wooster and major impact of the OARDC campus the trip needed to be rerouted.

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New polychaete tubeworm fauna from the Jurassic of Israel

Vermiliopsis negevensis Vinn and Wilson 2010

WOOSTER, OHIO–That may not be the most exciting title I could choose, but it was a fun project nonetheless. My Estonian colleague Olev Vinn and I have a paper in the latest issue of  Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen describing an assemblage of sabellid and polychaete tubeworms from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of the Negev in southern Israel. This tubeworm fauna is the first described from equatorial waters in the Jurassic, and there is none like it in the modern world. Our work here is part of a larger project to understand the evolution of tube-dwelling invertebrates.

Introducing a new species to the world through the paleontological literature is a privilege and pleasure. Inconsequential it may be in a larger frame, but a fragment of nature has been brought to the light for the first time since it left the stage millions of years ago. What we know about life has been increased a tiny bit, and there is a new creature to enjoy.

Diagram of Vermiliopsis negevensis, a new serpulid species from the Jurassic of Israel.

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