Wooster Geology Heads to Wayne Elementary

On Friday afternoon, a group of Wooster geologists participated in an educational outreach program at Wayne Elementary. Marge Forbush, an educator at Wayne always asks the department to come to her classroom twice a year. In the fall, we spend an afternoon talking to the students about volcanoes and earthquakes, while in the spring, we discuss fossils. This afternoon was particularly exciting. After a short introduction on volcanoes and earthquakes, the students then moved between 4 stations that we set up in the classroom. Geology majors at the college were each in charge of a station, fielding rapid-fire questions from the students. Lauren Vargo (’13) handled “Plate Tectonics”, while Nick Fedorchuk (’12) taught “Earthquakes”. Cameron Matesich (’14) showed the students “Intrusive Igneous Rocks”, and Sarah Appleton (’12) took charge of “Extrusive Igneous Rocks”. The Wayne Elementary students were excited to interact with department majors, and our majors did a fantastic job of teaching and mentoring.

The picture above shows everyone hard at work at their stations. Sarah (left in green), Nick (center in yellow), and Lauren (right in blue) had the attention of their students throughout the afternoon.

Cameron, above, is busy introducing the students to minerals and igneous rocks, which they were able to see close-up with the use of hand lenses.

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How Fossils Saved Civilization: A National Fossil Day Talk

WOOSTER, OHIO — National Fossil Day has now been in place for two years. Curiously enough, two Wooster alumnae, Erica Clites and Eva Lyon, have been critical organizers and promoters of this great event as Paleontology Interns with the National Park Service. It is sponsored by the NPS and the American Geosciences Institute (AGI). They even have an official National Fossil Day song! The College of Wooster is proud to be one of their academic partners on a list we hope will grow with the years.

As part of my contribution to National Fossil Day, I gave a talk to the Geology Club titled, “How Fossils Saved Civilization”. My title was inspired by “How the Irish Saved Civilization“, and like that book my tale had a bit of blarney in it. Nevertheless, I strongly believe that the proper understanding of fossils was one of the keys to the scientific revolutions of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Here’s to the beauty and wonder of fossils!

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They’re back! Nursery school students visit the tree-ring lab

WOOSTER, OHIO — This time it was the turn of Dr. Greg Wiles to host the The College of Wooster Nursery School children as they visited Scovel Hall and its world-famous Wooster Tree-Ring Laboratory. He had ambitious plans for the little tikes, from studying the details of ring widths to donning safety gear to see how the wood is prepared.

Dr.Wiles shows close-up computer images of tree-rings to future dendrochronologists.

 

The main challenge here was simply keeping all those hard hats on.

We very much enjoy these visits in the Geology Department, and every one of them has its delightful challenges! Just last month we had the same children studying rocks and minerals with Dr. Shelley Judge and a stout team of Wooster students.

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: A carrier shell snail (Recent, Pacific Ocean)

OK, it’s true: our Fossil of the Week is not actually a fossil. (The “Recent” in the title was a clue.) I bought this shell at the Wayne County Fair and it was so beautiful it just had to make the blog. (I paid $4 for it, which I think was quite a deal.)

What we have above is Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842), commonly known as the Pallid Carrier Shell. It is a remarkable gastropod (snail) that ornaments its shell with “foreign” objects, usually other shells. (The genus name Xenophora means “foreign-bearing”.) They provide a nice sampling of the shelly debris surrounding their seafloor home.
The snail cements the items to the periphery of its shell as it grows, embedding the objects with its mantle into its aragonite. It selects dead shells and carefully rotates them with its foot and proboscis so that the concave side is upwards and the smaller end is attached. Attached snail shells thus have the aperture facing up, and clams have the inner side upwards as well. It takes almost two hours for a single object to be added to the shell, and up to 10 hours for the xenophorid snail to be confident enough to resume its normal life.

Why do xenophorids decorate their shells in this way? Apparently it is a kind of camouflage on a gravelly substrate. The long shells at the periphery of the shell also lift the shell above the substrate so that the snail’s body can extend inside a protective cage. The xenophorids can then peacefully feed on algae, diatoms and foraminiferans on the sediment. A curious habit they have which is rare among invertebrates: they dig holes in the sediment and bury their feces!

A glass sponge (Class Hexactinellida) attached to the top of Xenophora pallidula.

The genus Xenophora was named and described by the natural historian Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim (1771-1853). He was a German who specialized in marine invertebrates, insects, and fossils. von Waldheim studied under the famous Georges Cuvier in Paris, had a professorship in Germany, and then moved to Moscow in 1804 to become Director of the Natural History Museum at the University of Moscow. His work in Russia included the description of many new fossils, so we ultimately come back to paleontology!

Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim (1771-1853).

References:

Kreipl, K. and Alf, A. 1999. Recent Xenophoridae. ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany.

Ponder, W.F. 1983. A revision of the recent Xenophoridae of the world and of the Australian fossil species (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Australian Museum 17: 1-126.

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Sclerobionts and Extinctions: A Wooster Geologist Faculty Talk at the 2011 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting

The last day of a professional meeting is very different from the first. At least half the attendees have gone home. Those that remain move a little slower and have that glazed look from late night dinners, too little sleep, and dreams of getting on that flight out of here. The convention staff is clearly oriented now towards the next event of cheerful conventioneers. (The “RAM SWANA” conference. I was so hoping this was about a mystical Indian guru, but instead it is a joint meeting of the “Recycling Association of Minnesota” and the “Solid Waste Association of North America”. I’ll give it a skip.)

My friend Paul Taylor and I organized a topical session on sclerobionts and mass extinctions, and we have the honor of ending the meeting this afternoon. With generous support from the Paleontological Society, we’ve brought in an international team of paleontologists who specialize in hard-substrate marine organisms, including Michał Zatoń of Poland, Silvio Casadio of Argentina, and Liz Harper of England. Our students Megan Innis and Caroline Sogot are participating as well. The audience may be the speakers themselves, but it will be enthusiastic. (Too bad we won’t get even a small fraction of the attention the pseudoscientific and embarrassing talk on the “Triassic kraken” received earlier in the meeting.)

I’ve started this entry with the first slide of the first talk, and ended it with our conclusions. We hope we’ve at least planted the seeds of a new topic in extinction studies. We’ve certainly had fun getting this diverse group of scientists together in one room.

And yes, we are also dreaming of that flight home!

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Posters Round Two at GSA – Minneapolis

 

Sarah Appleton presents her research in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. Her IS topic Tree-Ring Dating of the Glacial History of Wachusett Inlet, Glacier Bay was part of a special session honoring Dr. David Michaelson (U. Wisconsin – Madison) a long time worker in Glacier Bay.

Andrew Collins presents his work on The Use of Geophotography as a Permanent Resource in Higher Education – this is a collaborative project that Andrew is doing with Drs. Judge and Wiles and The College of Wooster librarians – Marsha Bansberg and Jessica Clemons. The database has gone live and can be found here. In the future all those trips to Spangler and other field sites around Wooster will be archived at this site. If alumni have some photos in their collection they would like to contribute to the effort, that would be greatly appreciated.

Lindsey Bowman presented her geochemical data to the geologists. He poster describes results of her ongoing IS work with Dr. Meagen Pollock in Iceland. Her poster is entitled: Geochemical and Field Relationships of Pillow and Dike Units in a Subglacial Pillow Ridge, Undirhlithar, Southwest Iceland.

Dr. Shelley Judge leads a lively discussion of her work summarizing 65 Years of Pedagogical Scaffolding and Sequencing in the Sanpete Valley of Central Utah – although it sounds like a series of structural geology terms, Dr. Judge’s poster was about assessment. In addition to being a leader in the field of structural geology, Dr. Judge is a leader in learning assessment, which makes her Chair very happy.

 

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Wooster Geology Alumni Gather at the 2011 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA–It is a tradition that Wooster geology alumni, faculty, students and friends gather at the Geological Society of America meeting on Monday evening. Twenty-three of us were there tonight, although we never seem to get everyone in the same place at the same time for the photograph. It’s interesting how we actually talk very little about past Wooster experiences. Most of the time we’re comparing notes about our current projects and planning when we will see each other again. That and apologizing for missing each other’s talks!

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First Wooster student presentations: The Estonia team

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA–The first Wooster students presented today at the Geological Society of America annual meeting. Above is Nick Fedorchuk who talked about his work in Estonia studying the Wenlock-Ludlow boundary on Saaremaa Island and its implication for Silurian stratigraphy and depositional environments in Baltica.

Rachel Matt (above) presented her work on the Lower Silurian fauna found in the Hilliste Formation on Hiiumaa Island, Estonia. These fossils are critical evidence for the recovery of marine communities following the end-Ordovician mass extinctions.

It was fun watching Nick and Rachel interact with geologists who stopped by to see their posters. Not only did they learn a great deal about the rocks and fossils they are studying, they could also see how they fit into larger questions about Silurian plate tectonics and evolution.

Two other Wooster students also showed posters today: Lindsey Bowman and Andrew Collins. Photos and profiles of their work will be posted later.

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Wooster Geologists in Minneapolis! (Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America)

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA–Wooster Geologists are again attending the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in force. It is strangely very warm and sunny here in mid-October Minneapolis. The convention center looks like a late summer college campus with people sunning themselves in grassy gardens surrounding the convention buildings.

We have all four faculty and six students at the meeting this year making various presentations from Sunday through Wednesday. We will soon show you our students giving poster presentations, along with comments on the meeting itself.

Minneapolis skyline from the Convention Center. Note the blue sky!

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: an aberrant brachiopod (Permian of Texas)

Funny word to apply to a fossil: aberrant, meaning “deviating from the normal”. It’s an old-fashioned word rarely used these days, primarily because we have a hard time defining “normal”. It was the word used when I was introduced to the above brachiopod, though, so I employ it in honor of my old-timey professors.

On the left is the dorsal valve exterior and on the right the ventral valve interior of Leptodus americanus Girty 1908. (Both valves are broken.) This species is a member of the Family Lyttoniidae in the Order Productida, which some of my students may have just figured out. The large ventral valve relative to the reduced dorsal valve is the clue. The specimen was found in the Word Limestone (Wordian Stage, Guadalupian Series, Middle Permian System, about 265 million years old) in Hess Canyon, Texas. It is replaced by silica (“silicified”) and so was easily extracted from a block of limestone by dissolving away the calcium carbonate matrix.

These brachiopods, along with many other types, lived in extensive reefs in west Texas during the Permian. The ventral valve was cemented to other shells and extended out parallel to the substrate. The much smaller dorsal valve fit into the grooves, leaving much of the soft-part interior exposed. My professors said it was “like a leaf in a gravy boat” — and I had no idea what a “gravy boat” was then.

It is likely that Leptodus americanus had photosynthetic zooxanthellae embedded in its exposed mantle tissues. These are protists (most often dinoflagellates) that live inside the tissues of metazoans and provide them with nutrients and oxygen in return for carbon dioxide and a cozy place to live. Reef-forming corals are the best known animals to have such a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae today. It would thus not be surprising to see a similar system with these reefal brachiopods.

Not so aberrant after all.

References:

Girty, G.H. 1908. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 58:1-651.

Williams, A. 1953. The morphology and classification of the oldhaminid brachiopods. Washington Academy of Sciences Journal 9: 279-287.

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