“Whisky Stones” of Vermont: A Wooster Geologist Connection

Vermont Soapstone, a small business in Perkinsville, Vermont, located at the base of Hawks Mountain with a mill and showroom.

The following is a guest blog post from Wooster Geology Senior Lindsey Bowman, a native of Londonderry, Vermont:

A metamorphic rock composed mainly of talc, soapstone is found all over the world and has unique qualities such as high heat retention and a long history as a carving material for various cultures. On a more personal note, I also know that carrying a 6-foot slab of soapstone up a staircase is extremely difficult, that soapstone looks best with an even coating of mineral oil, and that soapstone can be cut and sanded with wood-working tools. My Dad owns Vermont Soapstone, a small business that creates custom soapstone sinks and countertops, as well as the occasional fireplace, pizza oven or lately, small cubes of soapstone that are called “Whisky stones”.

Due to the high amounts of metamorphism that Vermont has experienced throughout its geologic history, it makes sense that soapstone (as well as marble and granite) would be found throughout the state. Perkinsville, Vermont, where Vermont Soapstone is based, is the original site of Hawks Mountain quarry, a soapstone quarry that opened in the 1850s.

Hawks Mountain Quarry, circa 1875, (Unknown source).

Quarrying technology was limited, and transport of the stone required a lot of ox-power.

Oxen pull a cart full of soapstone through downtown Chester, Vermont (Clements and Robinson, 1996, p. 232).

Back then soapstone was often used in wood stoves, as it still radiated heat long after the fire burnt out. Soapstone slabs were also used as griddles and often as feet warmers for long winter sleigh rides.

Today, my Dad imports most of his stone from Brazil, and has visited the quarries to assess new sources of soapstone, as well as familiarize himself with the quality and character of the stone that’s coming out of each quarry. My first rock in my rock collection was a chunk of quartz tinged red from the Brazilian soil that my Dad brought me back from a trip.

One of the quarries that my Dad visited on a trip to Brazil (Photo credit: Glenn Bowman).

People always ask me why I’m a geology major, and I always respond “I took a great geology course in high school”, but I’m starting to think that with rock being the family business it was kind of unavoidable. When I go home on breaks, I often help my Dad with installations in people’s homes of sinks and countertops. Lately, though, my Dad has been busy working on a different project.

Recently, a company called Teroforma has been working with Vermont Soapstone to create Whisky Stones, small soapstone “ice cubes”. The idea is that you can cool your beverage without diluting it- a simple idea but a great one. I recently talked to my Dad on the phone and he told me in preparation for the holiday season, they’re making Whisky Stones 24/7, and this is not a factory chugging them out- this is one guy, one table saw, and one cement mixer. I foresee myself doing a couple shifts while I’m home.

See the video on this link (scroll down) for a great representation of my Santa-resembling, soapstone-cutting, hard-working Vermonter Dad. The Whisky Stones remind me of the small soapstone cubes he always carries in his pocket, worn almost to spheres with the constant jostling against change and keys. He always left them under my pillow (do other little kids know about the rock fairy?) when he would go away for long install trips; when I went off to Wooster he gave me a whole pile of them. They’re right in the middle of my rock collection, reminding me of home.

Reference:

Clements, R., and Robinson, D., 1996, The Carlton Quarry: Chester, Windsor County, Vermont: Rocks and Minerals, v. 71, p. 231-235. (Courtesy of Duncan “Monk” Ogden.)

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: A new microconchid genus and species (Permian of Texas)

Two years ago I was invited to Texas by Tom Yancey (Texas A&M) to look at some curious wiggly tubular fossils in the Lower Permian (about 280 million years old). They form small reefs a meter or so across and have traditionally been referred to as serpulid worm tubes. We suspected otherwise. After field and lab work, and collaboration with our Estonian colleague Olev Vinn, we determined that they are a new genus and species of microconchid. Our paper describing this taxon has just appeared: Wilson, Vinn and Yancey (2011).

A tangled collection of Helicoconchus elongatus Wilson, Vinn and Yancey 2011.

Helicoconchus elongatus is, as you may suspect from the name, an elongate coiled tube. The walls are impunctate (meaning they have no pores) and have diaphragms (horizontal partitions) with little dimples in their centers. They have two kinds of budding: fission (shown in the top image) and lateral budding (shown below). They grew into thick intertwined disks in shallow marine waters where they lived with snails, clams, echinoids and foraminiferans.

A small lateral bud on the side of a microconchid tube.

An acetate peel showing a longitudinal cross-section of a microconchid tube. The thin diaphragm running vertically in this image shows an inflection for the "dimple".

Microconchids (Ordovician – Jurassic) are an evolutionarily interesting group because they appear to be related to bryozoans and brachiopods (much to everyone’s surprise). This is based on their shell structure and their manner of budding (Zatoń and Vinn, 2011). Helicoconchus elongatus will tell us much about the relationships of microconchids to other groups because of the detail we can see in its budding styles and its marvelous preservation.

Helicoconchus elongatus in the field.

References:

Wilson, M.A., Vinn, O. & Yancey, T.E. 2011. A new microconchid tubeworm from the Artinskian (Lower Permian) of central Texas, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56: 785-791.

Zatoń, M. & Vinn, O. 2011. Microconchids and the rise of modern encrusting communities. Lethaia 44:5-7.

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: an orthid brachiopod (Upper Ordovician of Indiana)

This beautiful brachiopod is Vinlandostrophia ponderosa (Foerste, 1909), an orthid brachiopod from the Maysvillian (Upper Ordovician) of southern Indiana. Until recently it had been traditionally known as Platystrophia ponderosa until a critical paper by Zuykov and Harper (2007) investigated the “Platystrophia plexus” of species and convincingly made P. ponderosa the type species of Vinlandostrophia.

Brachiopods are filter-feeding, bivalved marine invertebrates who have been with us since the Cambrian Period. They were among the most common animals of the Ordovician. The fossils of the Cincinnatian Series in southern Indiana, southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky have extraordinary numbers and varieties of fossil brachiopods — so many they roll under your feet in some places.

August F. Foerste (1862-1936) described what he called Platystrophia ponderosa in 1909. He was a pioneering paleontologist who grew up and worked in the Dayton area. Foerste went to Denison University where he was a very successful undergraduate, publishing several geological papers. He returned to Dayton after graduation with a PhD from Harvard, teaching high school for 38 years. When he retired he was offered a teaching position at the University of Chicago, but instead went to work at the Smithsonian Institution until the end of his life.

This is, by the way, the 500th post of the Wooster Geologists blog. It is great fun.

References:

Foerste, A.F. 1909. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian fossils. Denison University, Scientific Laboratories, Bulletin 14: 208-231.

Zuykov, M.A. and Harper, D.A.T. 2007. Platystrophia (Orthida) and new related Ordovician and Early Silurian brachiopod genera. Estonian Journal of Earth Science 56: 11-34.

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Wooster Geologist on the Crampton’s Gap Battlefield in northern Maryland

In September 1862, Union forces under General George B. McClellan pursued General Robert E. Lee‘s Army of Northern Virginia through northwestern Maryland. Lee had invaded Maryland to demoralize the North ahead of the November elections, and to convince Europe that the Confederacy had legs and deserved recognition. A copy of Lee’s orders were lost (famously found by Union soldiers wrapping three cigars), alerting McClellan to his plans. The key to defeating Lee lay in capturing three passageways through South Mountain, one of which is known as Crampton’s Gap (shown above in this Google Earth image).
Crampton’s Gap as viewed from the southern side looking north. There were no structures here during the battle.

South Mountain is a north-south extension of the famous Blue Ridge into Maryland. It is a sharp ridge made of resistant metamorphic rocks, including gneisses, schists and quartzites. The slopes on either side are unusually steep and so passing from east to west over the mountain is best done through “gaps” made by eroding antecedent river systems. Water gaps are deepest and have streams currently flowing through them. (One is made by the Potomac River.) A wind gap was also made by river erosion, but the water was long ago snatched away by stream piracy. Crampton’s Gap (39° 24′ 36″ N, 77° 38′ 24″ W) is a wind gap less than 300 meters wide.

Quartzite exposed in Crampton’s Gap, probably from the Late Precambrian (?) Swift Run Formation Cambrian Antietam Formation (thanks, Callan).

On September 14, 1862, McClellan finally moved on Lee and attacked the three gaps through South Mountain to turn back Lee’s invasion. Crampton’s Gap was the southernmost part of what later became known as the Battle of South Mountain.
Union forces under Major General William B. Franklin, after a long preparation, attacked from the east a much smaller Confederate force at Crampton’s Gap. The Confederates resisted all day, taking advantage of the steep slopes and narrow pass with a battery of cannon. By the end of the day, though, the Union force broke through the Confederate lines, sending the remaining rebels down the western slopes. Strangely, Franklin failed to follow up on his victory, allowing the rebel troops to join Stonewall Jackson to capture the Union garrison and arsenal at Harpers Ferry. The overall battle was a Union victory as it blunted Lee’s invasion, forcing him to stand at Antietam and eventually retreat from Maryland. The resistant rocks of South Mountain protected his army long enough for him to frighten the Northern public, but those ancient wind gaps were his undoing.

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: a baculitid ammonite (Cretaceous of Wyoming)

This is a specimen I often place on my Invertebrate Paleontology course lab tests. It is the “straight” ammonite Baculites, which is common enough, but the shell and internal walls (septa) have dissolved completely away, leaving this strangely articulated set of internal molds. This past week, though, it didn’t fool any of my students — they all identified it correctly. They must have a very good paleontology professor.

This is a view of one of the “segments” of the baculitid specimen. It shows the sediment that was pressed up against one of the septa, which then dissolved away. You can barely see branching tunnels made by worms that crawled through the mud looking for deposited organic material, forming trace fossils.

Baculites (meaning “walking stick rock”) was a magnificent ammonite. Its proximal portion was coiled as in all ammonites, but most of the shell (conch) grew straight. They moved like miniature submarines parallel to the seafloor, diving down occasionally to capture prey with their tentacles. They could grow up to two meters long and so must have been impressive predators. The above internal mold of a baculitid is weathering from the Pierre Shale in South Dakota. On the left end the complex sutures (the junctions between septa and conch) are visible; on the right is the extended body chamber.

A happy John Sime (Wooster ’09) holds a nearly complete specimen of Baculites in the collections of the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research. We were on an Independent Study trip in June 2008 to South Dakota, Wyoming and Montana.

A reconstruction of Baculites (foreground) at the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research.

The genus Baculites was named in 1799 by the famous zoologist Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck (1744-1829). In fact, Lamarck (as he is more usually known) was the first zoologist. He was a soldier as well as a scientist, and he had some of the earliest ideas about the evolution of life. I’m sure he would be proud of my students for their fossil identification skills!

Reference:

Lamarck J.-B. 1799. Prodrome d’une nouvelle classification des coquilles. Mém. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris, 74.

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Wooster’s Fossil of the Week: an Italian keyhole limpet (Pliocene of Cyprus)

This week’s fossil is a beautiful little gastropod (snail) scientifically known as Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820), and commonly as the Italian Keyhole Limpet. I collected it with Steve Dornbos (’97) during the 1996 Keck Geology Expedition to Cyprus, where it was part of Steve’s Independent Study project describing a Pliocene reef.
Diodora italica belongs to the Family Fissurellidae and is not a “true limpet”. The hole at the top gives it away as something different than the usual simple cap-like limpet shell. Several gastropod groups have evolutionarily converged on the flat shell because it is efficient at withstanding the stresses of strong waves and, curiously, the high pressures in the deep sea. Diodora is still alive, as you can see in this nice (and copyrighted) image.

The hole at the top of the shell, the “keyhole”, is part of the respiration system of these snails. They take in water under the edge of the shell, pass it over a pair of gills, and then send the used water out the “chimney” of the keyhole.

Keyhole limpets scrape algae and bacteria from rock surfaces, using the strong foot to adhere to the substrate

Diodora italica was described by the oh-so-French naturalist and collector Jacques Louis Marin Defrance (1758-1850). I can’t find much about him, but there is a nice portrait!


References:

McLean, J.H. 1984. Shell reduction and loss in fissurellids: a review of genera and species in the Fissurellidae group. American Malacological Bulletin 2: 21–34.

Murdock, G.R. and Vogel, S. 1978. Hydrodynamic induction of water flow through a keyhole limpet (Gastropoda, Fissurellidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 61(2): 227–231.

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George Davis (’64) gives the Thirty-First Annual Osgood Memorial Lecture

WOOSTER, OHIO–We were greatly honored this evening to have one of our own, Dr. George Davis (Wooster ’64), present the 31st Annual Richard G. Osgood, Jr., Memorial Lecture. The Osgood Lectureship was endowed in 1981 by the three sons of Dr. Osgood in memory of their father, who was an internationally known paleontologist at Wooster from 1967 to 1981. We have had extraordinary experiences with visiting speakers through this lectureship, and tonight’s was one of the best.

Dr. Davis gave a public talk entitled “An evening’s geoarchaeological excursion to the Sanctuary of Zeus, Mt. Lykaion, The Peloponessos, Greece”. He described his stratigraphic and structural geological work in this fascinating region, which may have hosted the origins of the Zeus cult. It was (and still is) a thriving sports complex as well. Dr. Davis did interdisciplinary work as a geologist with his Brunton compass and as an archaeologist with a trowel — both iconic instruments of the professions.

Dr. Davis is a highly accomplished geologist with an outstanding reputation in teaching and research. After Wooster he earned a Master’s degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and then a PhD at Michigan. As a professor and chair at the University of Arizona for many years, he helped make that department into one of the best in the country. Dr. Davis has worked around the world and is best known for his analyses of geological structures in the Colorado Plateau and Basin & Range provinces. He is the author of a best-selling textbook in structural geology and has received many awards and honors. In July of next year he will become President of the Geological Society of America.
One of the joys of having our Osgood lecturer on campus is the traditional dinner with Wooster students and faculty before the talk. Dr. Davis had many geological stories to tell us, and he was a master at getting people around the table to talk about their motivations and geological dreams. A great evening was had by all!

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Exploring the Silica Formation (Middle Devonian) in Northwestern Ohio

PAULDING, OHIO–There’s nothing like the stirring rings of 50 geologic hammers in the morning. Today I was a guest of the North Coast Fossil Club and my friend Brian Bade in a quarry exposing the Middle Devonian limestones and shales. There was frost on the ground when we began, but soon the sun rose and made it a delightful fall day of fossil collecting. Thank you to Brian and the NCFC for inviting me on their trip. I’ve spoken twice to the NCFC and they have been good friends since. It was my first visit to the highly fossiliferous Silica Formation (Middle Devonian), and I came away with a bag of treasures for my classes and research projects. Thank you also to the Lafarge Cement Quarry managers for facilitating this productive experience.

The Silica Formation is very well known for its abundant fossils, especially brachiopods, corals, trilobites, and bryozoans. I’ve wanted to examine the Silica for a long time because it has produced significant material for the hederelloid and microconchid projects I have been working on with my Polish, English and Estonian colleagues. For the first time I was able to collect my own specimens of each group, and to see the fossils in their geological context.

A quarry visit always starts with a sign-in process and a reading of the rules. Note the required reflective vests and hard hats. (I was very impressed that everyone knew my name until I realized it was emblazoned on the front of my helmet.)

A wall of the quarry. The thick gray unit is the Dundee Limestone; the thin dark sequence of mixed shales and limestones at the top is the Silica Formation. Both are Middle Devonian in age (Givetian).

Most of us figured out pretty quickly that the best places to collect fossils were in the large weathered blocks in irregular piles well away from the quarry walls. The soft Silica Formation shales erode quickly, releasing the hard calcitic fossils. Climbing around on these rocks is an acquired geological skill.

My paleontology students can tell even from this distant view what kind of coral this is in the top of the Dundee Limestone. (At least they better be able to by now!)

They can also identify the order to which this beautiful and delicate bryozoan belongs, I’m certain.

Bivalves and the spiriferid brachiopod Orthospirifer in the Silica Formation.

Finally, they tend to be overlooked in the excited search for trilobites and other shelled creatures, but there are also spectacular trace fossils in the Dundee Limestone.

 

 

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Wooster Geology Heads to Wayne Elementary

On Friday afternoon, a group of Wooster geologists participated in an educational outreach program at Wayne Elementary. Marge Forbush, an educator at Wayne always asks the department to come to her classroom twice a year. In the fall, we spend an afternoon talking to the students about volcanoes and earthquakes, while in the spring, we discuss fossils. This afternoon was particularly exciting. After a short introduction on volcanoes and earthquakes, the students then moved between 4 stations that we set up in the classroom. Geology majors at the college were each in charge of a station, fielding rapid-fire questions from the students. Lauren Vargo (’13) handled “Plate Tectonics”, while Nick Fedorchuk (’12) taught “Earthquakes”. Cameron Matesich (’14) showed the students “Intrusive Igneous Rocks”, and Sarah Appleton (’12) took charge of “Extrusive Igneous Rocks”. The Wayne Elementary students were excited to interact with department majors, and our majors did a fantastic job of teaching and mentoring.

The picture above shows everyone hard at work at their stations. Sarah (left in green), Nick (center in yellow), and Lauren (right in blue) had the attention of their students throughout the afternoon.

Cameron, above, is busy introducing the students to minerals and igneous rocks, which they were able to see close-up with the use of hand lenses.

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How Fossils Saved Civilization: A National Fossil Day Talk

WOOSTER, OHIO — National Fossil Day has now been in place for two years. Curiously enough, two Wooster alumnae, Erica Clites and Eva Lyon, have been critical organizers and promoters of this great event as Paleontology Interns with the National Park Service. It is sponsored by the NPS and the American Geosciences Institute (AGI). They even have an official National Fossil Day song! The College of Wooster is proud to be one of their academic partners on a list we hope will grow with the years.

As part of my contribution to National Fossil Day, I gave a talk to the Geology Club titled, “How Fossils Saved Civilization”. My title was inspired by “How the Irish Saved Civilization“, and like that book my tale had a bit of blarney in it. Nevertheless, I strongly believe that the proper understanding of fossils was one of the keys to the scientific revolutions of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Here’s to the beauty and wonder of fossils!

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