Wooster Geologist in Kentucky

MAYSVILLE, KENTUCKY–Today I visited the University of Cincinnati for a meeting of Aaron House’s thesis committee, on which I serve.  (Aaron is a 2004 geology graduate from The College of Wooster.)  It all went very well and soon after Aaron took me and two other geologists on a short field trip to an Upper Ordovician outcrop near the Ohio River town of Maysville.

Outcrop of the upper Fairview Formation (Upper Ordovician) on Kentucky Route 11 near Maysville, Kentucky (N38.61243°, W83.75575°).

Outcrop of the upper Fairview Formation (Upper Ordovician) on Kentucky Route 11 near Maysville, Kentucky (N38.61243°, W83.75575°). A distant Aaron House for scale.

Many Wooster students and alumni will immediately recognize all the elements of a typical roadside outcrop of the Cincinnatian Group in winter: gray rocks matching the gray sky, the muddy ditch at the base, and the thin verge of grass extending to the road.  Alternating limestones, siltstones and shales give the outcrop its jagged appearance.

Some of the best Ordovician fossils in the world are found in these sedimentary sequences, and the stratigraphy holds many mysteries despite over a century and a half of intensive study by geologists.  Wooster students have completed dozens of Independent Study theses with these rocks, and there are many more to come.  Aaron House is now pursuing a masters degree by assessing and interpreting the preservation of mollusk fossils in the Cincinnatian.

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Mineralogy of Hotspots

The Mineralogy of Hotspots by Elizabeth Deering (’11).

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Mineralogy of Acid Mine Drainage

The Mineralogy of Acid Mine Drainage, presented by Lindsey Bowman (’12).

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A bit of the Jurassic in southern California

Waterfall (mostly dry) over Jurassic rocks in the Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve in San Diego County (N32.92712°, W117.17757°).

Waterfall (mostly dry) over Jurassic rocks in the Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve in San Diego County (N32.92712°, W117.17757°).

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA–A nice geological interlude for this Wooster geologist during a family Thanksgiving.  This afternoon we visited Los Peñasquitos (meaning little cliffs) Canyon Preserve in San Diego County.  We walked about two miles along a trail to an exposure of Jurassic metaconglomerate.  The rock is interesting for several reasons.  The clasts are either highly angular (meaning parts are a breccia) or very well rounded; the clasts are volcanic in origin; and the matrix includes recrystallized belemnites.  The composition suggests that the main sediment source (if not the only one) was a set of offshore volcanic islands.

Note the very rounded and very anglar clasts in this metaconglomerate.

Note the very rounded and very angular clasts in this metaconglomerate.

This area has connections to Old California history.  Rancho Los Peñasquitos was where General Stephen Watts Kearny and his Army of the West rested after the Battle of San Pasqual in 1846.

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Wooster Geologist in California

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CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA–The peak above is part of the San Gabriel Mountains just north of Claremont.  Today is one of the best southern California offers: brilliant sun, temperatures in the 70s, and very clear skies.  Apparently this view of the mountains is not always available because of air pollution, but you would never know it this morning.

The San Gabriel Mountains separate the Los Angeles Basin from the Mojave Desert on the other side.  The San Andreas Fault runs through them in a very complex way.

I’m here for family reasons (Thanksgiving in San Diego — can’t beat that!), but there is always something geological about!

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Mineralogy of Mars

As promised, here’s another digital presentation. The Mineralogy of Mars is presented by Colin Mennett (’10).

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A very bored Permian brachiopod

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COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS–I never get tired of that too-obvious joke. I found the above productid brachiopod on the last outcrop of our little Texas expedition. It has been drilled by barnacles, which leave a distinctive slit-shaped hole with a tiny little comma shape at one end. It may not look special here photographed on my backpack in the sunlight, but it is. Hard substrate communities in the Permian are still poorly known. This specimen tells us that a future trip may reveal many more such specimens.

Paleontologists (and anyone else) should be able to tell me whether these borings were produced during the life of the brachiopod or after its death. Your determination can be posted in the comments below!

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Two West Texas outcrops: which looks more inviting?

texasoutcrop111409albanyoutcrop111409COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS–The upper one is the base of the Valera Formation on US Highway 84 (N31.88196°, W99.47115°) and the lower one is the lower Bead Mountain Formation on Route 6 near Albany; both are Permian and both have delicious microconchid fossils along with much else.  You can imagine which is the more pleasant to work on.

I have been very impressed with the Permian geology of this part of Texas.  The fossils and sedimentary rocks are very accessible and sufficiently mysterious to generate at least two paleontology and sedimentology projects, including future Independent Study work by Wooster students.  Sure there are fire ants, rattlesnakes, and very fast country road driving, but it wouldn’t be Texas without them!  (And the barbecue … all beef, dry-rubbed barbecue …)

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The puzzle of gypsum

Our Permian sections on this Texas trip have had thick beds of gypsum only a meter or three beneath our fossiliferous limestones and shales.

An outcrop of sedimentary gypsum below the Valera Formation (Permian).

An outcrop of sedimentary gypsum below the Valera Formation (Permian).

Gypsum (calcium sulfate) is an evaporite mineral, indicating when the Permian shallow sea in this case was much saltier than normal (hypersaline).  Our fossils show a restricted nature (lower diversity than normal, and generally smaller shells), but they were still living in at least close to normal salinities.  This is especially the case with our numerous echinoids.  We even have evidence of some evaporites within our fossiliferous limestones.  It is a curious juxtaposition of depositional environments.

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A new family of fossil clams from the Triassic of Israel

The latest issue of the journal Palaeontology has an article describing a new family of large clams from the Triassic of southern Israel. The authors include Allison Mione (’05), who pursued this project as part of her geology Independent Study.

A specimen of the new clam family Ramonalinidae from the Triassic of southern Israel in Makhtesh Ramon.

A specimen of the new clam family Ramonalinidae from the Triassic of southern Israel in Makhtesh Ramon.

The Ramonalinids: a new family of mound-building bivalves of the Early Middle Triassic
by Thomas E. Yancey, Mark A. Wilson and Allison C.S. Mione

Abstract: Ramonalina n. gen. is a large thick-shelled bivalve abundant in mounds preserved in the Gevanim Formation (late Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Israel. This bivalve was an edgewise-recliner with a flattened anteroventral (functionally basal) surface and partially fused valves. It is the basis of a new family, the Ramonalinidae, which is descended from the myalinids through adaptation to edgewise positioning. Ligamental attachment was inadequate to hold valves together on large adults, resulting in valve displacement followed by shell secretion in the apical area that fused valves together and caused irregular growth on abapical areas. The ramonalinids formed large, nearly monospecific mounds on firm mud substrates in shallow marine waters. These are the largest Middle Triassic bivalve mounds known.

(For a well-written account of this story, please see the February 27, 2010, article by John Mangels in the Cleveland Plain Dealer.)

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