Ammonite Identified

JERUSALEM, ISRAEL–I don’t really think the readers of this blog have been anxiously waiting to hear the taxonomic identification of the ammonite I found in the Matmor Formation last week.  It is worth a note, though, to briefly describe how I now know the beauty is Peltoceras solidum.  Yoav and I traveled today to Jerusalem to work in the offices of the Geological Survey of Israel.  While there I was able to examine the ammonite collections of Ze’ev Lewy, a retired paleontologist with the Survey.  He collected the specimen pictured below from the Matmor several years ago.  Dead ringer for my paltry fragments, which show the same external ornamentation and the same internal suture pattern.  Case solved!

Ammonite found in the Matmor Formation at Makhtesh Gadol by Ze'ev Lewy of the Geological Survey of Israel.

Ammonite found in the Matmor Formation at Makhtesh Gadol by Ze'ev Lewy of the Geological Survey of Israel. The close-up on the right is of the suture pattern highlighted with a pencil.

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A Visit to The Galilee

ROSH PINA, ISRAEL–This weekend my friends the Avni family took me on an overnight trip into the Galilee. It was spectacular and highly informative — they called it the “Mark Continues to Discover Israel” tour. The ostensible purpose was to attend a reunion of Noa Avni’s kibbutz school class, but we also took in numerous cultural, historical and geological (of course!) sites.

We drove from Mizpe Ramon on Friday afternoon north up the Rift Valley, following the west coast of the Dead Sea and then the west bank of the Jordan River to Tiberias on the Kinneret Lake (Sea of Galilee). We then continued north in the Galilee to a little town a few kilometers from Rosh Pina. We then had a barbecue dinner and conversations into the late evening before sleeping on mattresses in a grassy square. I asked many, many questions of my new Israeli friends (my Mother would be so proud) and learned much.

Looking into the Galilean hills from Rosh Pina along the very old road to Safed.  Note the ancient olive trees and the gray rocks of the distant hills, which are Eocene limestones.

Looking into the Galilean hills from Rosh Pina along the very old road to Safed. Note the ancient olive trees and the gray rocks of the distant hills, which are Eocene limestones.

The next day we walked around the old part of the beautiful hillside city of
Rosh Pina (just down the mountain from Safed), talked to a man who runs environmental education programs, and had a long lunch with Yoav’s sister’s family in their hilltop home near Karmiel. We drove back down the Rift Valley to return to Mitzpe Ramon late this evening.

Rosh Pina from the Nimrod Viewpoint.

Rosh Pina from the Nimrod Viewpoint.

I was most impressed by the friendliness and candor of the people I met (I know — it is no surprise that Israelis are candid!), the lingering damage from the 2006 Hizbollah rocketing of northern Israel (mostly burned forests now and gaps in streets where there were once houses), the complex carbonate rocks which make up most of the hills in Galilee (my rocks in the Negev are much simpler), and the full moon tonight which rose bright red as its light passed through Saharan dust low on the horizon.

The delightful backyard of an environmental educator in Rosh Pina, Israel.

The delightful backyard of an environmental educator in Rosh Pina, Israel.

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A Most Unusual Clam from the Triassic of Israel

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MAKHTESH RAMON, ISRAEL–The Triassic was a time of unusual evolutionary innovations.  The Permian extinctions immediately before the Triassic may have wiped out up to 95% of marine animal species, so the survivors had considerable “empty niche space” to fill as they adapted to new environmental conditions with far fewer competitors.  The strange clam above is now part of this history.  On the left you see a view from above and front of the clam in living position.  It has a flattened base which it used to sit on the seafloor with its two valves extended up into the seawater to filter-feed.  On the right is a view of the base of this clam showing the junction between the two valves.  Note that the valves are not symmetrical as they are in most clams.  This clam was an “edgewise recliner”, meaning it sat on its edge (which it flattened over evolutionary time).  There is no other clam like it in the fossil or living record, and it is found only in one rock unit in the Negev Desert.

Allison Mione (’05) studied this clam and its living environment as part of her Independent Study project, and Tom Yancey (Texas A&M University) and I continued to work on it after she graduated.  The three of us now have a paper in the journal Palaeontology coming out later this year interpreting this clam as a new genus representing a new family of bivalves.  I took the opportunity yesterday to find a few more examples of this unique creature for museum collections.

This fossil was not thoroughly described in the past because finding whole specimens is very difficult.  We found one spot where the clam-bearing rock unit (the flat, tilted bed in the middle ground of the photo below) was dragged along a fault and bent in such a way that large blocks of the rock collapsed downhill upon exposure, releasing whole fossils.  As far as I can tell, this is the only place the whole fossils can be collected (N30.58759°, E34.88685°).

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A Jurassic Ammonite Up Close

MITZPE RAMON, ISRAEL–I can’t help but show off the ammonite I found today in the middle of the Matmor Formation (Goldberg Subunit 51) at Makhtesh Gadol.  These photos are the best I could do on a kitchen sink with overhead lighting.  (Clearly I have time on my hands once I get back to my room in this little town!)

This is the largest fragment of the ammonite.  It is not a lot to look at, I admit, but it is an important indicator of the time the sediments were deposited and the chemistry of the seawater when the animal lived and died.  It is an internal mold, meaning that it is the sediment inside the shell after the shell dissolved.  What is significant here is that this mold is encrusted by oysters (one is indicated), serpulid worms, and foraminiferans, showing that the shell dissolved and the sediment cemented early on the seafloor -- an example of "Calcite Sea" geochemistry.

This is the largest fragment of the ammonite. It is not a lot to look at, I admit, but it is an important indicator of the time the sediments were deposited and the chemistry of the seawater when the animal lived and died. It is an internal mold, meaning that it is the sediment inside the shell after the shell dissolved. What is significant here is that this mold is encrusted by oysters (one is indicated), serpulid worms, and foraminiferans, showing that the shell dissolved and the sediment cemented early on the seafloor -- an example of "Calcite Sea" geochemistry.

On the left is a closer view of the outside of the ammonite internal mold.  Note the pattern of oval-shapped divots.  I have no idea what they are, but they represent some sort of objects that were in the shell before it dissolved away.  On the right is a close-up of the complex ammonitic suture, which was the boundary between the internal septal walls and the outer shell.

On the left is a closer view of the outside of the ammonite internal mold. Note the pattern of oval-shapped divots. I have no idea what they are, but they represent some sort of objects that were in the shell before it dissolved away. On the right is a close-up of the complex ammonitic suture, which was the boundary between the internal septal walls and the outer shell.

That’s probably enough paleontology for the day.  If anyone wants to identify this ammonite before I get home, I’ll be grateful!

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Tools of My Trade (At Least for Today)

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MAKHTESH GADOL, ISRAEL–The fieldwork could not have been better, although if you watched me all day in the desert sunlight you would have thought otherwise. After I hiked up into the Matmor Hills to find the right horizon, I spent hours in the same place collecting fossils off the surface and sieving the sediments to obtain tiny shells (especially of thecideide brachiopods). The goal is to thoroughly understand the paleontology of this unit, including how these organisms interacted with each other in that ancient Jurassic sea. The persistence paid off with a diverse set of brachiopods, corals, sponges, echinoids, serpulid worms, bivalves, gastropods, and the first ammonite I’ve seen in the Matmor Formation. There is enough complexity in this one site to support at least another two Senior Independent Study projects.

This view of a coral in cross-section shows how complex bioerosion can be.  You can see several holes in the brown coral matrix filled with white sediment.  Inside these borings are cross-sections of bivalve shells.  Note that some borings have more than one set, meaning the hole was occupied by nestling clams after the borer died.  The patches of shiny grey are silicified regions of the coral skeleton.  Since the coral was aragonitic, its original skeleton has been replaced by several minerals.

This view of a coral in cross-section shows how complex bioerosion can be. You can see several holes in the brown coral matrix filled with light tan sediment. Inside these borings are cross-sections of bivalve shells. Note that some borings have more than one set, meaning the hole was occupied by nestling clams after the borer died. The patches of shiny grey are silicified regions of the coral skeleton. Since the coral was aragonitic, its original skeleton has been replaced by several minerals.

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Returning to the Big Makhtesh

MAKHTESH GADOL, ISRAEL–During the afternoon Yoav and I drove to the center of this magnificent erosional crater to visit familiar sites and do some preliminary surveys. It was deliciously hot and dry — just the way I like it. I concentrated on the middle of the Matmor Formation, a Jurassic (Callovian) unit of limestones and marls loaded with diverse fossils. I scoped out the sites I want to measure, describe and sample in the next few days. It was fun to see those places where several Wooster students did their Independent Study fieldwork over the years, and to make plans for the next set.

Makhtesh Gadol looking from the Matmor Hills near the center to the north.  The outcrop in the foreground has yielded wonderful fossils from the middle of the Matmor Formation.

Makhtesh Gadol looking from the Matmor Hills near the center to the north (N30.93458°, E34.97387°). The outcrop in the foreground has yielded wonderful fossils from the middle of the Matmor Formation.

This is a fossil coral which was bored by bivalves while it rested on a Jurassic seafloor.  You can see two of the boreholes clearly on the right.  The coral shows compound growth.  Apparently the lower one was shifted to a position almost at right angles from its original orientation, and then it budded off the capping portion on the right.

This is a fossil coral which was bored by bivalves while it rested on a Jurassic seafloor. You can see two of the boreholes clearly on the right. The coral shows compound growth. Apparently the lower one was shifted to a position almost at right angles from its original orientation, and then it budded off the capping portion on the right.

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Remains of a Jurassic Tropical Forest

MAKHTESH RAMON, ISRAEL–As part of a mine reclamation project in the Makhtesh Ramon National Park near Mitzpe Ramon, the ranger noticed large pieces of fossilized wood coming from the tailings of a bauxite mine which were being trucked to fill large excavations.  Rather than bury these specimens forever, he called the Geological Survey to take a look.  Yoav Avni, one of my Israeli colleagues and a good friend, took me there this morning to see the fossils and help remove them from the debris piles.

Examining pieces of Jurassic tree trunks with the Makhtesh Ramon ranger (center).

Examining pieces of Jurassic tree trunks with the Makhtesh Ramon ranger (center).

The wood is from the lower part of the Ardon Formation, a Jurassic unit lying unconformably on Triassic sediments.  The forest was on the equator during the Early Jurassic, which could make it significant.  Most of the wood is coalified, with some patches of silicification.  We’ll take samples to the Geological Survey headquarters in Jerusalem on Sunday to examine them more closely.  This was a fun little detour because I’ve never seen Jurassic coal — nor had a front-end loader help me sort out specimens!

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Wooster Geologist in Israel (Again)

MITZPE RAMON, ISRAEL–I’m sitting here with a view of one of my favorite places: the little town of Mitzpe Ramon near the center of the Negev Desert in southern Israel. It is poised on the edge of Makhtesh Ramon, a large erosional crater which looks a bit like the Grand Canyon with its steep rocky cliffs and sharp angles, although it lacks a river flowing through the bottom.

Mitzpe Ramon, Israel, as viewed from N30.61134°, E34.80097°.

Mitzpe Ramon, Israel, as viewed from N30.61134°, E34.80097°.

I drove here this afternoon in a tiny little rental car from Ben Gurion Airport about two and a half hours to the north. After surviving the noon-day Tel Aviv traffic (they’re not honking at me, I tell myself, at least not most of them), the scenery on the drive is fantastic. The Negev Desert starts near Beersheva where the last of the trees and brown grass gives way to bare yellow rock with a very thin scattering of Bedouin camps and the occasional IDF base. The terrain, animals and vegetation in the Negev Highlands near Mitzpe Ramon look very much like their equivalents in the Mojave Desert of California, save the occasional camel and ancient ruins like the city of Avdat a few miles north of Mitzpe Ramon.

The ruins of Avdat as seen from Route 40 north of Mitzpe Ramon, Israel.

The ruins of Avdat as seen from Route 40 north of Mitzpe Ramon, Israel.

This trip is another part of my research leave this semester. I will be returning to the Jurassic Matmor Formation exposed in Makhtesh Gadol (“The Big Crater”) northeast of Mitzpe Ramon. This is the site of past Independent Study work by Wooster students (Jeff Bowen, Meredith Sharpe, Sophie Lehmann, and Elyssa Belding). My goal is to tie these projects together with a unified stratigraphic model, and to collect various specific fossil groups for further study. I also want to scout out new study topics for future students. I’ll be here for ten days and hope to post blog entries often. Sleep is pulling at me relentlessly now, though, after 24 hours of travel. Lie-la tov! (Good night!)

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Wooster paleontologist at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

DRUMHELLER, ALBERTA, CANADA–The last activity for our IPREP group this summer was a guided visit to the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. David Lloyd, a paleontological technician at the museum, gave us a fantastic “behind the scenes” tour of the preparation laboratories and collections. The emphasis of the museum and the town is dinosaurs, of course, and I’ve never seen a better collection up close, but there were plenty of invertebrate fossils as well. The museum has one of the best exhibits on the Burgess Shale in the world, including a giant diorama visitors essentially walk into.

The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology sits within a basin with badlands exposures of dinosaur-loaded Late Cretaceous terrestrial sediments.

The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology sits in a basin with badlands exposures of dinosaur-loaded Late Cretaceous terrestrial sediments.

The dinosaur reconstructions inside and outside the museum are very well done.  This is a Cretaceous pachyrhinosaur with fearsome ornamentation.

The dinosaur reconstructions inside and outside the museum are very well done. This is a Cretaceous pachyrhinosaur with fearsome ornamentation.

The main collections storeroom is filled with paleontological treasures.

The main collections storeroom is filled with paleontological treasures.

REbecca Perlman, Matt James, and Kurt Burmeister (in the back) examine an opened plaster jacket with dinosaur fossils inside awaiting preparation. Layers of plaster and burlap were applied to the fossils in the field to protect them during transport to the museum.  This technique goes back over a century.

Rebecca Perlman, Matt James, and Kurt Burmeister (in the back) examine an opened plaster jacket with dinosaur fossils inside awaiting preparation. Layers of plaster and burlap were applied to the fossils in the field to protect them during transport to the museum. This technique goes back over a century.

This is the main paleontological preparation lab at the museum.  It is filled with equipment designed for the most part to remove rock from bone.

This is the main paleontological preparation lab at the museum. It is filled with equipment designed for the most part to remove rock from bone.

On the left is a giant ammonite we found mounted in a dim hallway.  They are usually about the size of a fist!  On the right is part of the Burgess Shale diorama showing the ubiquitous Marella.

On the left is a giant ammonite we found mounted in a dim hallway. They are usually about the size of a hand! On the right is part of the Burgess Shale diorama showing the ubiquitous Marella.

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Saying goodbye to the Canadian Rockies — for now

FIELD, BRITISH COLUMBIA–The IPREP team left the Canadian Rockies yesterday morning with many educational and research ideas, new friends, and thousands of photographs to be shared with students and colleagues. It was an extraordinary experience. We thank Matthew James of Sonoma State University in California for organizing this complex trip, and Randle Robertson of the Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation for his generous support of our work and arranging the trail guides. I highly recommend a visit to Field, British Columbia, for anyone interested in paleontology, geology, and natural history. If you go, I guarantee you’ll enjoy your stay at the immaculate and well-designed Fireweed Hostel. Kim and Craig Chapman were friendly, efficient and generous hosts.

There is one more post to come from this trip — a visit to the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta.

The IPREP team just below Helen Lake on the hike to the Cambrian stromatolites.

The IPREP team just below Helen Lake on the hike to the Cambrian stromatolites.

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